There’s an interesting finding in research on psychotherapy. When hundreds of different approaches to helping people change are put to the test, they produce approximately equivalent results. This is because all approaches share four common factors that affect outcome: 1) individual variables, 2) the therapeutic relationship, 3) hope, and 4) techniques. This has been called the “Dodo bird verdict” after a scene in Alice in Wonderland in which the dodo bird declares: “All have won and all must have prizes!” at the conclusion of a game of croquet in which the hedgehogs are rolled up to make croquet balls and the flamingos are used as mallets. Let’s consider how the four common factors might be
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